An intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM (for Intercontinental Ballistic Missile in English), is a formidable weapon capable of hitting a target located more than 5,500 kilometers. Unlike other types of missiles, it follows a parabolic trajectory: it is propelled out of the Earth's atmosphere thanks to powerful engines, then descends towards its objective being guided mainly by gravity. These missiles can carry a conventional explosive charge, but they are often designed to carry nuclear warheads.
ICBMs are the backbone of nuclear deterrence for powers like the United States, Russia and China. They are sometimes launched from underground silos, mobile vehicles or submarines. Their precision and speed (up to 25,000 km/h) make them particularly strategic in defense doctrines.
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Does France have ballistic missiles?
Yes. France has ballistic missiles, but not in the form of land-based intercontinental missiles like those of the United States or Russia. French nuclear forces are mainly based on ballistic missiles launched from submarines (MSBS). These missiles, called M51equip the French Navy's nuclear ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs). They have a range of 9,000 kilometersmaking it a very effective strategic deterrent tool.
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How many countries have intercontinental ballistic missiles?
According to estimates, seven countries have intercontinental ballistic missiles:
- United States
- Russia
- China
- France (via its SSBNs)
- United Kingdom
- India
- North Korea
Other countries, such as Pakistan or Israel, have shorter-range ballistic missiles, but do not officially possess real ICBMs.
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In summary, ICBMs embody the ultimate tool for projecting nuclear power, reserved for major strategic powers. If their existence is a source of international tensions, they remain above all instruments of deterrence, designed to prevent total war from becoming a reality.
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