Winter is the time when respiratory viruses multiply. While influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are well known, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) remains a mysterious name for many. However, this virus, discovered in 2001 by Dutch researchers, has been circulating regularly for more than 20 years, particularly in winter and early spring.
Lately, the increase in cases in China has attracted attention, but MPVh is not a newcomer. Although it can cause sometimes severe infections in the most vulnerable, it does not present a danger comparable to that of SARS-CoV-2.
What is human metapneumovirus (hMPV)?
The human metapneumovirus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, like the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It is responsible for respiratory tract infections, both in children and adults.
According to scientific studies, nearly 90% of children were exposed to MPVh before the age of 5, often without their parents realizing it. Indeed, in the majority of cases, the virus causes mild symptoms, similar to a common cold.
What are the symptoms of MPVh?
The manifestations of MPVh are similar to those of influenza or another respiratory virus:
- Fever, sometimes moderate;
- Dry or wet cough;
- Nasal congestion, even abundant discharge;
- Sore throat ;
- In some cases: difficulty breathing.
In young children, the elderly or immunocompromised patients, the infection can progress to bronchiolitis, pneumonia or exacerbation of chronic pulmonary diseases, requiring medical attention. However, most patients recover within one to two weeks without complications.
A new pandemic is not to be expected!
Why are we talking about it so much this winter?
In January 2025, data from China showed a seasonal increase in MPVh infections. This phenomenon has led to renewed media attention, amplified by social networks. However, health authorities, including the World Health Organization (WHO), quickly reassured: MPVh is not a pandemic threat.
According to experts, the increase in cases is normal for this time of year and corresponds to a significant circulation of respiratory viruses, after several years marked by health restrictions linked to Covid-19.
How is human metapneumovirus transmitted?
MPVh is transmitted like most respiratory viruses, via:
- Droplets emitted when a person coughs or sneezes;
- Direct contact with contaminated hands or surfaces, followed by touching the face (eyes, mouth, nose).
Once in the body, the virus multiplies in the cells of the respiratory tract and causes inflammation.
-So, should we be worried about a new pandemic?
The answer is clear: no. Human metapneumovirus is a virus that has been known to researchers and doctors for decades.
Unlike SARS-CoV-2, it does not mutate rapidly and has not demonstrated the ability to cause global epidemics. Increases in cases are seasonal and predictable.
How to protect yourself against MPVh?
To date, there is no specific vaccine or antiviral treatment against MPVh. Management is based on symptom relief: hydration, antipyretics for fever and rest.
To limit the risk of infection, here are some simple and effective actions:
- Wash your hands regularly with soap and water;
- Avoid close contact with sick people, especially if you are at risk;
- Ventilate your home regularly, even in winter;
- Clean touched objects and surfaces (handles, phones, toys) frequently.
These measures, which were already essential during the Covid-19 pandemic, remain valid for MPVh and other respiratory viruses.
So, be vigilant but don’t panic
Human metapneumovirus is a winter virus well known to health professionals. Although it can cause serious respiratory infections in the most vulnerable, the majority of cases remain mild.
By applying the usual preventive measures and monitoring the symptoms of vulnerable populations, everyone can help limit its spread. Stay informed and take care of yourself!
NAMELY
In 2023, human metapneumovirus has caused concern in the United States. The number of positive MPVh tests had increased by 36% compared to the average peak observed before the pandemic. At its peak, mid-March 2023, 11% of tests carried out were positive, compared to only 7% on average usually.
