Is criticizing Israel anti-Semitism? It depends, answers Deborah Lyons | Middle East, the eternal conflict

Rise in hate incidents, pro-Palestinian camps in universities, fight against anti-Semitism… special correspondent Deborah Lyons, who is in Poland to take part in the 36th “March of the Living” at the Nazi extermination camp of Auschwitz- Birkenau, answers our questions on the occasion of Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Memorial Day.

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You were appointed to your position last October, just days after Hamas’s attack on Israel. How much does anti-Semitism in Canada worry you and how does it compare to other countries, such as those in Europe or the United States?

Anti-Semitism existed in Canada before [le 7 octobre], but on a much smaller scale. This has always been a concern. We started to see a rise in anti-Semitism over the last three years, but since October 7, it has reached a level that has taken everyone by surprise.

Anti-Semitism is no longer just a concern. It has become a real crisis on our hands.

The rise of anti-Semitism is noticeable elsewhere in the world, like in Europe, certainly, and in the United States as well, but our main concern, of course, is what is happening in Canada.

Just-released B’nai Brith report shows anti-Semitic incidents double [en un an]. There are also reports from police departments in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg that show a rise in hate crimes and incidents, more than 60% of which are anti-Semitic in nature.

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There are several definitions of anti-Semitism. In 2019, Canada adopted that established by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IAMH), which observers say conflates criticism of the Israeli state with anti-Semitism. Do you support this definition yourself, when there are other less controversial definitions such as that of the Jerusalem Declaration or that of the Nexus group?

The definition ofAIMH was developed over a period of more than 10 years by a group of researchers and experts, as well as government officials. It was approved by all parties in the Canadian Parliament and has been adopted by several municipalities and provinces across the country [mais pas le Québec, NDLR].

The definition of anti-Semitism developed by theAIMH mentions criticism of Israel, but that doesn’t mean people can’t criticize Israel. No way. It’s necessary [examiner] the extent of the criticism over a given period, whether it is disproportionate to criticism leveled at other countries.

Anti-Israeli criticism is part of what is considered modern-day anti-Semitism.

The definition ofAIMH therefore clarifies how anti-Semitism has evolved over time. The definitions put forward by the Jerusalem Declaration and by the Nexus group are good definitions, […] but they have a much more limited scope. These are independent initiatives […] in comparison with [l’AIMH] which developed recommendations after consultations in 35 countries.

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Is it possible to fight anti-Semitism without restricting the freedom to express oneself about Israel, knowing that there are many Jews who harshly criticize Israeli policies in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank?

Absolutely. Everyone recognizes the importance of freedom of expression and the right to protest and criticize. There is no debate on this subject in Canada. But we are talking here about the magnitude [de la critique]. If, over time, your only goal is to criticize Israel, this may appear to be an anti-Semitic approach.

People can be critical, but the definition ofAIMH, […] which is non-binding, aims to create a much better understanding of the different forms that modern anti-Semitism takes and this includes anti-Israeli and anti-Zionist rhetoric.

Now what we’re going to try to do is work harder to explain all of this to Canadians. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also committed in January 2021 to producing a guide explaining the definition itself in more detail.

The pro-Palestinian movement on university campuses is gaining momentum in Canada and elsewhere in the world. Students are calling on institutions to cut ties with companies associated with Israel, including weapons manufacturers. What do you think of this movement?

My primary concern on college campuses across the country is the safety of Jewish students, which we know is at great risk.

I am accompanied in this March of the Living [au camp d’Auschwitz-Birkenau, en Pologne] from a wonderful group of young Canadian university students who came here directly from the campuses.

Can you imagine leaving your campus where you don’t feel safe and where you’ve experienced a huge rise in anti-Semitism without really getting the expected response from university leadership?

I think across the country there are Jewish students on campus who don’t feel safe and who even wonder what will happen when they return to class in September. There is a hostile environment on campus and we need to address it.

I have had meetings with university presidents on this subject, but there is still much to be done. They need to clarify their policies and code of conduct.

We will work very closely with the Ministers of Higher Education who are directly responsible for universities. I hope that during the summer holidays, university management will have time to reflect on what has happened over the past few months.

Now regarding [les demandes des étudiants] on the economic links of universities, it is up to university administrations to take care of it. I’m not going to comment on that.

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In its latest budget, the federal government dedicated millions to combat hate and protect the safety of vulnerable communities. Do you think he needs to do more?

Anti-Semitism manifests itself in daily life at the local level. Therefore, what we need is a coordinated effort from all officials in Canada, including mayors, city councilors and law enforcement.

We certainly need greater commitment from provincial governments, which are directly responsible for universities. And I am very happy to say that all the Ministers of Education in Canada have mobilized and committed to making Holocaust education compulsory. [dans les écoles], which is a huge step forward. I congratulate them for that.

The federal budget represents a major step forward in the fight against anti-Semitism. The federal government has also committed to providing additional funding to obtain better data on hate crimes. He also pledged support for the Canadian Race Relations Foundation.

But the fight against anti-Semitism must be an effort on the part of all of Canadian society, including business leaders, because it also exists in work environments. […] So we still have work to do on all fronts.

*Some language has been edited for clarity and accuracy.