Lhe COP29, organized in a country that is the cradle of oil a year after the COP in Dubai, opened on Monday with vibrant calls for international cooperation. Everyone expects that next year Donald Trump’s United States will become the only country to twice exit the flagship climate agreement adopted in Paris in 2015.
The emissary of Democratic President Joe Biden, John Podesta, may have assured Monday that states, cities or American companies would continue to act to compensate for the expected federal decline, the early exit of the world’s second largest polluter weakens the words of his negotiators, and by extension the front of developed countries supposed to commit to giving more money to developing countries.
“This is not the end (…) The fight goes beyond an election or the electoral cycle of a country”, pleaded John Podesta.
The Europeans certainly made it possible to persevere. But they are not rushing in Baku.
Emmanuel Macron, Olaf Scholz and the president of the European Commission are absent from the summit on Tuesday and Wednesday. The EU will notably be represented by the Hungarian Viktor Orban, who holds the rotating presidency of the Council, Andrzej Duda (Poland), Pedro Sanchez (Spain) and Giorgia Meloni (Italy).
Only a few G20 countries will be represented by a head of state or government, including the United Kingdom with its Labor Prime Minister Keir Starmer, expected to make a new commitment to reduce greenhouse gases.
“It is very important that the UK shows leadership”, he told journalists in Baku on Tuesday morning. Starmer said:looking forward to working with President Trump, of course, as we do with all international leaders”.
Some 50,000 participants are expected over the two weeks of COP29, in the Olympic stadium in Baku, on the shores of the Caspian, a sea in which Azerbaijan plans a strong expansion of its natural gas production.
At the end of a sluggish first day on Monday, the nearly 200 countries gathered ended up adopting a first decision late in the evening: the first major UN rules, supposed to establish a reliable market for carbon credits, until here without international regulation and subject to abuse, fraud and “greenwashing”.
Developing countries, with China and India, also fought behind the scenes over the agenda, a standoff very symbolic of the tensions between North and South, which will be the theme of this entire COP.
Certainly, between Trump’s re-election, the first day delay and the absence of several major leaders, “this is not an ideal situation. (…) But in 30 years of COP, this is not the first time that we have faced obstacles” et “everything is still entirely possible”, Canadian Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault told AFP on Tuesday.
It is the question of money that will occupy the delegates night and day until November 22.
Climate aid is used to build solar power plants, improve irrigation, build dikes or help farmers deal with droughts.
Today at 116 billion dollars per year (in 2022), this financing must be increased more than tenfold in the coming years, according to the poor countries. Amounts that Western countries consider unrealistic for their public finances.
“These will not be easy negotiations, perhaps even the most difficult since Paris”, commented the German negotiator, Jennifer Morgan.
An announcement from Fernanda Carvalho, from WWF. “It’s going to be a complicated COP”, she told AFP, pointing out the divisions between countries and the “lack of confidence”.
Leaders of poor countries hit this year by climate disasters, particularly in Africa and the Asia-Pacific, will parade in large numbers at the podium for two days.
Among them, the interim leader of Bangladesh, Muhammad Yunus and Mia Mottley, the Prime Minister of Barbados, the linchpin of projects to reform global finance in the service of the climate.
