How NASA’s X-59 Supersonic Jet Replaced the Boom With a Quiet Thud

Imagine leaving work in LA or San Francisco a little early on a Friday afternoon and winding up with a drink on the beach in Maui before cocktail hour is over. Imagine Seattle to Tokyo in four hours, New York to London in three-plus.

Many in the fledgling supersonic sector believe that supersonic commercial flights are not only possible, but are working to design, build and certify aircraft in the next five to ten years. Flying faster than the speed of sound will not only change air travel, they argue, but offer passengers the ultimate luxury: time.

Boom, Spike and Exosonic have different concepts for their supersonic jets, designed to travel between Mach 1.4 (1074 mph) and 1.8 (1381 mph) while the hypersonic constructs from Destinus and Hermeus could theoretically travel at Mach 5.0, or 3836 mph. Most remain in the theoretical concept phase. Only Boom’s demonstrator, the XB-1, has begun initial flight tests, with supersonic tests scheduled for later this year.

The progress is slow, due to exorbitant R&D costs caused by the unique technical challenges of flying faster than sound. “The hurdles are substantial,” notes Vik Kachoria, the CEO of Spike Aerospace, which is developing a 12- to 18-passenger supersonic aircraft called the Diplomat. “The boom, ground noise, safety, regulatory, environmental, infrastructure. It’s a lot.”

The sonic boom remains the greatest impediment to development, says David Richwine, NASA’s deputy project manager for technology on the X-59, an experimental aircraft designed to mitigate the boom’s noise and vibration. “When we stacked the challenges facing supersonic, solving the boom was the largest one,” he says. “Taking that we would free the commercial operators to work on some of the other issues.”

Sonic booms have been around ever since Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in 1947 in the Bell X-1. The boom—a loud noise caused by shock waves that form when an aircraft passes the speed of sound—was initially seen, oddly, as a sign of progress since it ushered in the supersonic era. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy launched an initiative called the Supersonic Transport (SST) that brought government and industry together, with the goal of building a commercial supersonic airliner capable of carrying 300 passengers, flying at Mach 3, or 2301 mph.

But by the end of the decade, most people viewed sonic booms as a public nuisance. In 1968, an F-105 flyover at the Air Force Academy blew out 200 windows of its iconic chapel, insulting a dozen people. From 1956 through 1968, the Air Force had to deal with about 40,000 claims against its supersonic warbirds, covering losses from broken windows and cracked plaster in homes, to assertions that the sonic booms drove livestock insane.

The Concorde, the world’s first commercial supersonic aircraft, didn’t help. Developed jointly by the British and French, its transatlantic flights often ended in US cities with broken windows and vibration that rattled local residents. In 1973, Congress and many authorities around the world, banned supersonic air travel overland, reducing supersonic’s potential to speed up commercial air travel.

Always an expensive and fuel-intensive aircraft, the Concorde made its last flight in the UK in 2003, landing at an aviation museum in Bristow, where it became a fixed display.

Now, NASA, working with Lockheed Martin, hopes to rehabilitate supersonic commercial air travel by mitigating the boom. The team overseeing the X-59 Quesst (standing for Quiet SuperSonic Technology) project is promoting the idea that the supersonic speed limit should be lifted as soon as the sonic boom becomes a non-issue.

“Instead of a rule based solely on speed, we are proposing the rule be based on sound,” said Peter Coen, integrated mission manager for the X-59 program. “If the sound of a supersonic flight isn’t loud enough to bother anyone below, there’s no reason why the airplane can’t be flying supersonic.”

Other aircraft, including the modified Northrop F-5E jet, proved in 2003 that an aircraft’s shape can be used to reduce the intensity of sonic booms. The X-59 is designed to take it a step further, creating a sonic “thud” that measures about 75 decibels, roughly the sound of a washing machine.

The X-59 concept was first presented in 2018, with NASA presenting a $248 million grant to Lockheed Martin to develop the jet. After extensive computer modeling and wind-tunnel testing, the X-59 was formally presented to the world at Lockheed’s California Skunk Works facility in January. The slender, needle-nosed aircraft is 99.7 feet long and 29.5 feet wide, looking like an elegant, futuristic fighter jet, with the cockpit about halfway back along the fuselage.

It’s designed to fly at 1.4 times the speed of sound, or 925 mph. The X-59 reuse parts from other warbirds, including landing gear from an F-16, the canopy and ejection seat from a T-38 supersonic training jet, and some of the engine system used in the U-2 spy plane.

The top-mounted engine allows for a smooth underside to keep shockwaves from merging behind the aircraft, thus lessening the potential power of sonic booms. The aircraft has undergone ground tests, with flight tests expected by the end of the year. The X-59 will fly at about Mach 1.4 (1074 mph) at 55,000 feet, about the same speed and altitude of a commercial supersonic jet, gathering data about its “quiet boom.” The data, says NASA, should help “regulators reconsider rules that prohibit commercial supersonic flights over land.”

The configuration positions the cockpit about halfway down the length of the aircraft, which means that the pilot does not look through a forward-facing window, but instead uses high-resolution cameras that feed a 4K monitor in the cockpit, called the eXternal Vision System .

Once the X-59 takes flight, it will go through safety testing, then a period of acoustic evaluations before NASA embarks on a series of test flights over select cities where pre-briefed citizens will offer feedback to help determine if the technology achieves acceptable noise levels.

A sonic thud would be welcome news to the commercial supersonic startups. Spike Aerospace is doing its own work while also drafting off NASA’s research. Like the X-59, it aims to reduce the boom by flattering the sonic waves so they’re directed upwards and largely cancel each other out. Exosonic is also positioning its 70-seat aircraft as having a “quiet” sonic boom.

The X-59 may achieve its immediate goal of mitigating sonic booms but applying that to commercial aircraft will still be challenging. The commercial concepts still have big issues with raising enough capital to bring a final product to market, and then there are questions of sustainability—something that didn’t exist in 1969 when the Concorde first took flight. Richwine admits that after boom suppression, “emissions are the next biggest challenge, so we have to look at alternative fuels, electricity and hydrogen.”

NASA has begun to peek down all those rabbit holes. Boom has built its plane to run on 100 percent sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) while Spike is exploring electric and hydrogen.

The supersonic manufacturers remain hopeful, despite significant technical challenges and the general consensus within private aviation that these projects will be too expensive to bring to market, with limited demand by airlines and other buyers.

Within the field, however, optimism prevails. “I definitely think supersonic flight will happen,” Richwine says. “It’s an order of magnitude more complicated than a typical plane, so it will take time, but we’ll get there. For commercial airlines, it’ll probably be 15 years.”