The difficult coexistence between red and gray squirrels.
The fight for survival is intensifying in Europe's forests, where red squirrelsemblematic and endemic species, see their territory eaten away by “invaders”: Gray squirrels. Imported from North America in the 19th century, the gray species, more robust and adaptable, quickly conquered European natural spaces. Unlike the red squirrel, the gray can exploit a more diverse range of food resources and withstand more rigorous environmental conditions.
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The history of the gray squirrel in Europe dates back to the end of the 19th century. It was Lord Herbrand Russell, Duke of Bedford and president of the Zoological Society of London, who introduced the first specimens to his estate at Woburn, north London. This introduction, initially considered a simple addition of ornamental animals, quickly transformed into a major ecological problem. In France, although gray squirrels are not yet omnipresent, their progression is closely monitored (particularly in the south where a breakthrough from Italy has been observed for 50 years). Red squirrels, weakened by this competition, are gradually losing ground, particularly due to competition for food, nesting spaces and diseases spread by their competitors.
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The alarming consequences of this rivalry
The decline in red squirrel populations is a wake-up call for biodiversity. Indeed, the red squirrel plays a key role in its ecosystem, in particular by contributing to the regeneration of forests through the sowing of seeds forgotten when building up its reserves. The disappearance of this species would cause an ecological imbalance with unpredictable repercussions. Furthermore, the dominance of gray squirrels is not limited to red squirrels. Their impact extends to other species, reducing habitat diversity and affecting entire food chains. These cascading effects are all the more worrying as climate change and urbanization worsen the fragility of natural ecosystems.
Human interventions to protect squirrels
Faced with this critical situation, human initiatives are emerging to try to preserve red squirrels. Among the most notable measures are targeted conservation programswhich include the creation of protected areas and the control of gray squirrel populations in certain sensitive regions. These efforts aim to slow the spread of gray squirrels while promoting the reintroduction of red squirrels into suitable habitats. In Italy, for example, concrete actions have made it possible to limit the expansion of gray squirrel populations. Researchers are also collaborating with ecologists to better understand the interactions between the two species and adjust policies accordingly. Public awareness is crucial : several educational campaigns highlight the importance of protecting the red squirrel and the dangers of introducing invasive species.
However, these initiatives face significant challenges. Financial resources remain limited and laws on invasive species vary considerably from one country to another, which hampers the effectiveness of actions on an international scale.
What future for our friends the red squirrels?
The future of red squirrels largely depends on efforts made today. Several scenarios are considered: possible coexistence if populations of gray squirrels are regulated and if natural habitats are restored, or a gradual disappearance of red squirrels in the areas most affected by their competition. The researchers also point out that adaptation could play a key role. The red squirrel, although struggling, shows some ability to evolve to survive in modified environments. But these adaptations require time, a luxury this species may not have if urgent action is not taken. Finally, the future of squirrels is closely linked to the global fight against climate change and the preservation of forests. Strengthening international collaborations, funding more research and involving citizens in local actions appear to be essential levers to avoid a dramatic extinction.
The editorial team adds that, as lovers of animals and nature, we of course invite you to respect squirrels whatever their color, our gray friends are of course not responsible for the situation and that their regulation is the domain of specialized associations and the State.
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Summary in 5 points
- The red squirrel is threatened by the gray squirrel, an invasive species introduced to Europe.
- Competition for resources and diseases spread by the gray weaken red populations.
- Red squirrels play a key ecological role by contributing to the regeneration of forests.
- Conservation initiatives exist, but they require funding and international coordination.
- Without rapid intervention, the local extinction of the red squirrel could have major ecological consequences.
Sources :
- https://ecureuils.mnhn.fr/ecureuil-roux/dossiers-scientifiques/menaces
- https://www.salamandre.org/article/gros-gris-et-si-chou%e2%80%89/
- https://www.lechasseurfrancais.com/nature/animaux/la-guerre-des-ecureuils-pourrait-mener-a-la-disparition-de-certains-dentre-eux-97410.html
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