The sad case of the youngest person ever diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease

In 2023, a team of Chinese neurologists made a diagnosis that defies belief: a 19-year-old teenager would be suffering from Alzheimer's disease. This case, identified in a memory clinic in Beijing, represents the youngest patient ever diagnosed in the world. Symptoms began to appear at the age of 17, with progressive decline of memory.

Brain imaging of the patient revealed atrophy of the hippocampus, a region crucial for memory. In addition, analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed markers typical of dementia. These observations led doctors to make this surprising diagnosis, calling into question established paradigms on the onset of the disease.

Here is a summary table of the main clinical signs observed in the patient:

Diagnostic challenges and case particularities

This exceptional case raises many questions. Unlike familial forms of early-onset Alzheimer's, no genetic mutation no known cause was identified in this patient. The absence of a family history of dementia further complicates understanding the origin of the disease.

Researchers at Capital Medical University in Beijing conducted an in-depth genetic analysis, but failed to discover the mutations usually responsible for the early onset of the disease. This particularity distinguishes this case from other young patients suffering from Alzheimer's, such as the one diagnosed at 21 years old with the PSEN1 mutation.

The clinical manifestations in this young man include:

• Increasing difficulty concentrating in class
• Reading problems
• Deterioration of short-term memory
• The inability to remember recent events
• Frequent loss of personal items

These symptoms led to his dropping out of high school, although he remained able to live independently. Cognitive tests revealed drastically lower memory scores compared to its peers, with 82% lower overall performance and 87% reduced immediate memory.

Implications for Alzheimer's Research

This unprecedented case opens new perspectives in understanding the Alzheimer's disease. It underlines the complexity of this pathology and the need to explore new avenues of research. Dr. Jianping Jia and colleagues, authors of the study published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Diseaseinsist on the importance of studying cases of very early onset.

This discovery challenges our conception of the age of onset of the disease. Although the majority of cases occur after age 65, this patient demonstrates that Alzheimer's can appear at an exceptionally young age, without obvious genetic causes.

Future research avenues could include:

1. In-depth study of molecular mechanisms in very young patients
2. The search for new biomarkers specific to early Alzheimer's
3. Exploration of potentially involved environmental factors
4. The development of screening strategies adapted to young adults at risk

This unique case highlights the importance of remaining vigilant in the face of cognitive disorders, even in young people. He recalls that the Alzheimer's diseasealthough rare in those under 30, can occur at any age. This discovery could lead to a redefinition of diagnostic criteria and the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting early forms of the disease.

study source: https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad221065