Anemia is a common medical condition that can affect people of all ages, but it is especially prevalent among seniors. It can lead to a significant reduction in quality of life if not properly managed. Dr Luvesh Mooloo, general practitioner, discusses in detail its causes and symptoms.
What is anemia? “Anemia is defined as a reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration in the blood, which limits the blood’s ability to carry oxygen,” explains Dr Luvesh Mooloo, GP. Hemoglobin is an essential protein in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to different tissues in the body. “When this function is impaired, various health problems can arise,” he explains.
As for the causes of anemia, the doctor emphasizes that they are multiple and can include iron deficiency or vitamin deficiencies. Moreover, you should know that iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin according to him and a diet poor in iron or poor intestinal absorption can cause iron deficiency anemia, the most common form.
Then there are vitamin deficiencies which are very common among older people. “Deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate (vitamin B9) can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by the production of abnormally large and ineffective red blood cells,” he says. And other causes of anemia are explained by chronic diseases. Indeed, certain diseases such as kidney failure, chronic inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus) or cancers can cause inflammatory anemia, also called anemia of chronic diseases.
The causes
Other causes include blood loss. “Bleeding, whether acute or chronic, for example, due to gastric ulcers, heavy periods or intestinal polyps, can lead to anemia,” he explains. And in some cases, bone marrow disorders can also explain anemia. And it is diseases such as leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome that can affect the production of red blood cells according to the doctor.
The symptoms of anemia vary depending on the severity and the underlying cause. The most common signs include:
- Intense and persistent fatigue
- Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion
- Heart palpitations
- Headaches and dizziness
- Cold hands and feet
- Decreased cognitive performance and concentration
Deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate (vitamin B9) can lead to anemia.”
In seniors, these symptoms can sometimes be confused with other problems related to aging, complicating diagnosis according to Dr. Luvesh Mooloo who believes that anemia in older people is particularly problematic because it can worsen existing conditions and increase the risk of falls, fractures, cognitive decline, and mortality. The causes can also be different as well as the consequences.
Among the common causes of anemia in seniors is insufficient nutrition. “We note a reduction in appetite or chewing problems among seniors and this can lead to nutritional deficiencies,” he explains. And once again, chronic diseases impact the quality of life of seniors and can contribute to anemia.
These are in particular pathologies such as heart failure, kidney failure or diabetes which are often associated with anemia. Drug treatments can also be the cause according to Dr Luvesh Mooloo because certain medications can influence the production of red blood cells or in certain cases, cause bleeding.
-The consequences
Anemia in seniors can have serious consequences on their overall health and independence. “Decrease in mobility and autonomy is often observed, with individuals being less able to participate in daily or physical activities,” notes the general practitioner. Additionally, anemia exacerbates physical frailty, increasing the risk of falls and fractures. Finally, it is associated with an increase in hospitalizations, due to complications linked to chronic diseases or other conditions aggravated by the anemic state.
To live well with anemia, there are certain precautions to take. The first step is to have an early diagnosis. “It is essential to consult a doctor as soon as symptoms appear. A simple blood test can confirm the diagnosis and identify the cause,” he points out. And the goal will be to find suitable medical treatments. Treatment options vary depending on the cause of the anemia.
Iron supplements are used to treat iron deficiency anemia, while vitamin B12 injection is recommended in cases of B12 deficiency. There are also bone marrow stimulating medications and are prescribed for certain chronic illnesses. However, in cases of severe anemia, blood transfusions will be necessary.
Eat and move
Once anemia is diagnosed, you need a suitable diet to avoid the consequences. A balanced diet is therefore crucial to prevent and treat anemia. Essential nutrients include iron which is present in red meat, liver, spinach, and lentils. Just like iron, you also need to increase your dose of vitamin C which promotes iron absorption. It is found in citrus fruits, peppers and strawberries.
To combat anemia, one must also include folate which is available in green leafy vegetables, beans and nuts. Vitamin B12 is also an important component and is found in animal products such as fish, eggs and dairy products. Food alone is not enough to maintain good health. You should also include moderate physical exercise in your routine. “Regular physical activity, such as walking or gentle yoga, can improve blood circulation and reduce fatigue,” says the doctor. To conclude, the latter mentions the importance of having good management of underlying diseases as well. “For seniors, it is crucial to control chronic diseases that can worsen anemia. This includes regular follow-up with health professionals,” he explains.
The psychological impact
Anemia can also have a significant impact on the mental health of older adults. Chronic fatigue and feeling weak can lead to loss of self-confidence and reduced social participation, increasing the risk of isolation. Furthermore, reduced cerebral oxygenation can worsen existing cognitive disorders, such as memory loss or confusion, amplifying symptoms of depression or anxiety. Psychological monitoring and social support are sometimes essential to help seniors maintain a good emotional balance while managing their medical condition.
